C++ fstream Class

❮ fstream classes

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
  // Create and open a text file
  fstream MyFile("filename.txt");

  // Write to the file
  MyFile << "Files can be tricky, but it is fun enough!";
  
  // Read from the file
  string myText;
  getline(MyFile, myText);
  cout << myText;

  // Close the file
  MyFile.close();
} 

Definition and Usage

The fstream class (short for "file stream") is used to read and write into files.

The fstream class is defined in the <fstream> header file.

To open a file, pass the file path into the constructor:

fstream MyFile("filename.txt");

The fstream class has a variety of functions for reading and writing files which are listed below.

File Pointer Functions

File pointers are internal variables which indicate where in the file to read or write.

File pointer functions are used to manipulate file pointers. There are functions for both a read file pointer and a write file pointer, but the fstream class uses the same pointer for both actions, so changing one of them also changes the other one.

seekg()

The seekg(position) method moves the read file pointer to a specified position relative to the beginning of the file.

MyFile.seekg(6)

The seekg(position, origin) method moves the read file pointer to a specified position in the file relative to an origin. The origin has three possible values:

• fstream::beg - The position is relative to the beginning of the file.
• fstream::cur - The position is relative to the current file position.
• fstream::end - The position is relative to the end of the file.

MyFile.seekg(6, fstream::beg);
cout << MyFile.tellg() << "\n";
MyFile.seekg(-3, fstream::cur);
cout << MyFile.tellg() << "\n";
MyFile.seekg(-4, fstream::end);
cout << MyFile.tellg() << "\n";

tellg()

The tellg() method returns the current position of the file pointer in the file.

cout << MyFile.tellg();

seekp()

The seekp(position) method moves the write file pointer to a specified position relative to the beginning of the file.

MyFile.seekp(6)

The seekp(position, origin) method moves the write file pointer to a specified position in the file relative to an origin. The origin has three possible values:

• fstream::beg - The position is relative to the beginning of the file.
• fstream::cur - The position is relative to the current file position.
• fstream::end - The position is relative to the end of the file.

MyFile.seekp(6, fstream::beg);
cout << MyFile.tellp() << "\n";
MyFile.seekp(-3, fstream::cur);
cout << MyFile.tellp() << "\n";
MyFile.seekp(-4, fstream::end);
cout << MyFile.tellp() << "\n";

tellp()

The tellp() method returns the current position of the write file pointer in the file.

cout << MyFile.tellp();

File Reading Functions

File reading functions extract characters from a file and move the file pointer.

get()

The get() method reads a single character from a file and returns its ASCII value as an int value. Convert it to a char type to see the character. The file pointer is moved to the next character in the file.

char myChar = MyFile.get();
cout << myChar;

The get(destination, size, delimiter) method writes up to size characters to the destination with data read from the file. It stops reading as soon as it reaches a line break, end of file, or an optional character given by the delimiter parameter. The value written in destination always ends with a \0 null terminating character. This method moves the file pointer to the line break or delimiter where it stopped reading.

char destination[20];
MyFile.get(destination, 20);
cout << destination << "\n";

// Stop reading when a '.' is found
MyFile.get(destination, 20, '.');
cout << destination << "\n";

getline()

The getline(destination, size, delimiter) method is the same as the get(destination, size, delimiter) method, except that the line break or delimiter is discarded and the file pointer is moved to the character that follows it.

char destination[20];
MyFile.getline(destination, 20);
cout << destination << "\n";

// Stop reading when a '.' is found
MyFile.getline(destination, 20, '.');
cout << destination << "\n";

There is a similar getline(stream, destination, delimiter) function which reads all of the characters up to the next line break (or optional delimiter) from the file specified by the fstream object in the stream parameter and writes them into the string specified by destination.

string destination;
getline(MyFile, destination);
cout << destination << "\n";

// Stop reading when a '.' is found
getline(MyFile, destination, '.');
cout << destination << "\n";

read()

The read(destination, n) method reads n characters from the file and writes them into the char array specified by the destination parameter. Unlike other functions, it does not stop reading at line breaks and it does not add a null terminating character to the data.

char destination[20];
MyFile.read(destination, 19);
destination[20] = '\0'; // Make sure it ends with a null terminating character
cout << destination << "\n";

peek()

The peek() method reads a single character from a file and returns its ASCII value as an int value. Convert it to a char type to see the character. Unlike the get() method, this method does not move the file pointer.

char myChar = MyFile.peek();
cout << myChar;

gcount()

The gcount() method returns the number of characters extracted from the file by most recently called file reading method.

char destination[20];
MyFile.getline(destination, 20);
cout << MyFile.gcount() << "\n";

File Writing Functions

The file writing functions write data into a file and move the file pointer to the first position after the written content.

write()

The write(str, n) method writes n characters from the char array str into the file and moves the file pointer forward by n characters.

char myStr[] = "Hello World!";
MyFile.write(myStr, 5);

put()

The put(c) method writes the specified character c into the file and moves the file pointer forward by one character.

char grade = 'B';
MyFile.put(grade);

File Handling Functions

File handling functions open and close files.

open()

The open(filepath) method opens the file at the path specified by filepath. If a file is already open then this method has no effect.

ofstream MyFile;
MyFile.open("filename.txt");

is_open()

The is_open() method returns true if a file is open and false if there is no file open.

fstream MyFile;
cout << MyFile.is_open(); << "\n"; // Displays 0 because the file is not open
MyFile.open("filename.txt");
cout << MyFile.is_open(); << "\n"; // Displays 1 because the file is open

close()

The close() method closes a file. It is good to close a file when you are finished working with it to free up resources.

MyFile.close();

rdbuf()

The rdbuf() method returns a pointer to the internal filebuf object which directly handles the file.

filebuf * buf = MyFile.rdbuf();

The Extraction Operator

The >> extraction operator reads a number of characters from the current position in the file, interprets them and writes the interpreted value into a variable. Then the file pointer is moved to the next character which has not yet been read. The way that the characters are interpreted depends on the data type of the variable.

MyFile >> variable

It can also be used multiple times to read parts of a file one after another.

MyFile >> variable1 >> variable2 >> variable3

The >> extraction operator starts by skipping over whitespace characters (spaces, tabs and line breaks) until it reaches the first character that is not whitespace. After that, it follows the rules shown in the following table based on the data type of the variable.

Manipulators

A manipulator can be used in place of a variable. When manipulators are used they change how data is interpreted by the fstream object. The effect of a manipulator remains until another manipulator changes it.

The following table has a list of manipulators that can be used with the >> extraction operator.

bool myBool;
int myInt;

// Interpret character sequences "true" and "false" as boolean values
MyFile >> boolalpha >> myBool;

// Revert to reading booleans normally
MyFile >> noboolalpha;

// Read hexadecimal numbers from the file and interpret them as integers
MyFile >> hex >> myInt;

// Revert to reading integers normally
MyFile >> dec;

The Insertion Operator

The << insertion operator writes a literal value or the contents of a variable into the file.

int year = 2024;
MyFile << year << "\n";
MyFile << "Files can be tricky, but it is fun enough!";

Manipulators

Manipulators change the formatting of the data that is written to the file. They are used with the << insertion operator in the same way as literal values and variables.

Except for setw(), the effect of a manipulator remains until another another manipulator changes it.

The table below shows a list of useful manipulators:

❮ fstream classes